01
Wing Geometry
02
Vehicle Dynamics
Physics Model
F_n = ½ρv²·A·sin(θ)
Normal force — projected area grows with angle
F_df = F_n·cos(θ)
Downforce component — peaks at 45°
F_d = F_n·sin(θ)
Drag component — keeps rising to 90°
F_f = μ·(W + F_df)
Max friction from total normal load
r = mv² / F_f
Minimum cornering radius
VIZ
Force Diagram
OUT
Calculated Results
Normal Force on Wing
F_n = ½ρv²·A
—
Newtons
Downforce
F_df = F_n · cos(θ)
—
Newtons
Drag Force
F_d = F_n · sin(θ)
—
Newtons
Total Normal Load
F_n_total = W + F_df
—
Newtons
Available Friction
F_f = μ · F_n_total
—
Newtons
Min Turn Radius
r = mv² / F_f
—
metres
About this model: This uses Newtonian impact theory for a flat plate. As the wing tilts, it intercepts more oncoming air — the projected frontal area grows as A·sin(θ), so the normal force includes sin(θ). Resolving that force gives downforce = F_n·cos(θ) = ½ρv²·A·sin(θ)·cos(θ), which equals ½·sin(2θ) and peaks at exactly 45°. Real wings stall between 15°–35° before reaching this theoretical peak — the gap between that real stall angle and 45° is the key insight this model teaches.